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Cells were treated with dIRF4-1 or its control compounds, and proliferation was measured using cell-titer glo (Promega) after 24 h incubation (n = 3) up to 100 M

Mitochondrial permeability transition involves dissociation of F1FO ATP synthase dimers and C-ring conformation

Navaratna D, Guo S, Hayakawa K, Wang X, Gerhardinger C, Lo EH (2011) Decreased cerebrovascular brain-derived neurotrophic factormediated neuroprotection in the diabetic brain

Mitochondria are the primary sites of ROS production within cells, and their inner membranes are rich in PUFAs, making them particularly susceptible to oxidative stress

By regulating TNF-alpha, KPV can help to restore tight junction function and thus works synergistically with larazotide to further reduce intestinal leakiness